Conflict analysis of Israel Palestine Research Paper

Struggle investigation of Israel Palestine - Research Paper Example Then again, the Hebrews alluded to A palestinian area as the place where there is Israel. Along these lines, it settled on the choice of the Zionist be risky in nature. In late 1930, the UN Partition plan and Peel Partition Plan re-imagined the regional area of the Jews and proposed the foundation of a Jewish state in Palestine. The Zionist assumed control over the best Coastal and Valley zones estranging the indigenous Arab individuals. For this situation, Jesrusalem, Judea and Samaria were bound together to turn into the West Bank. The Arab individuals dismissed the UN Partition plan in 1947 and thought about Zionist as a danger to their kin. This is on the grounds that the arrangement offered power to Palestine to take more than 75 percent of the Arab state making the Arabs to become outcasts in the neighboring state Israel. This made a displaced person issue in Israel more than three decades, yet another political condition was shaped in the 1967 and the late 1980’s war (H unnicutt 2011). Palestinians had wouldn't react to any official or discretionary connection with Israel. This prompted increasingly Jewish settlements in Israel prompting the contention among Palestinians and Israelites. This paper investigates the primary clash between the two countries; Palestine and Israel. During late 1940’s and 1960’s, clashes caused Palestinians to flee to intentionally while others had to clear. They were moved to flanking nations and in this way ended up being displaced people. An expected 4 million Palestinians are displaced people, and the greater part of these asylums live in camps in the Gaza Strip, Syria, West Bank and Lebanon. The displaced people get help from the United Nations and different bodies and individual willing for help (Faruqi 2011). Despite the fact that the Palestinians didn't have a military in Palestine as of now, rockets were terminated on an as often as possible from Gaza going to Israel. Consequently, the Israelis who lived in the

Richard II in William Shakespeare Essay -- Hero Richard II Shakespeare

Richard II in William Shakespeare The plays of William Shakespeare are commonly simple to arrange, and the saints of these plays are similarly so. Be that as it may, in the history play Richard II, Shakespeare’s lord is more questionable than Hamlet or Romeo†there is no obvious response to whether Richard II is a lamentable saint... or on the other hand essentially a catastrophe. Truly, Richard II was delegated at a youthful age, constrained into the job of ruler, and push decisively into the cloudy universe of political interest, which maybe loans his character compassion since he had no way out in his destiny. Be that as it may, in spite of his constrained job throughout everyday life, Richard II appears to depend on the idea of perfect option to make sure about his seat, putting forth no attempt to continue it once it is â€Å"irrevocably† his. Richard II is both the grievous saint and the tragedy†just assuming the job of King for most of the play, however just making his mark after he is o usted, and at exactly that point to battle for his own reality. From the earliest starting point of the play, Richard II is emotionless, best case scenario in his illustrious job. By ousting Bolingbroke and...

Unconditioned Stimulus in Classical Conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus in Classical Conditioning Theories Behavioral Psychology Print Unconditioned Stimulus in Classical Conditioning By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on October 08, 2019 Tara Moore / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In the learning process known as  classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. ??In other words, the response takes place without any prior learning. For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel hungry. In this example, the smell of the food is the unconditioned stimulus. Examples of the Unconditioned Stimulus In Ivan Pavlovs classic experiment with dogs, the smell of food was the unconditioned stimulus. The dogs in his experiment would smell the food, and then naturally begin to salivate in response. This response requires no learning, and it simply happens automatically. Some more examples of the unconditioned stimulus include: A feather tickling your nose causes you to sneeze. The feather tickling your nose is the unconditioned stimulus.Cutting up an onion makes your eyes water. The onion is the unconditioned stimulus.Pollen from grass and flowers cause you to sneeze. The pollen is the unconditioned stimulus.Your cat running to its bowl whenever it smells food. The scent of food is the unconditioned stimulus.A loud bang causes you to flinch away from the sound. The unexpected loud noise is the unconditioned stimulus because it automatically triggers a response with no prior learning. In each of these examples, the unconditioned stimulus naturally triggers an unconditioned response or reflex. You dont have to learn to respond to the unconditioned stimulus - it simply occurs automatically. The Role of the Neutral Stimulus For the purposes of classical conditioning or learning, you cant have an unconditioned stimulus without a neutral stimulus. In other words, for conditioning to take place, you must first start by pairing a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. A neutral stimulus doesnt trigger any particular response at first, but when used together with an unconditioned stimulus, it can effectively stimulate learning. A good example of a neutral stimulus is a sound or a song. When it is initially presented, the neutral stimulus has no effect on behavior. As it is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, it will begin to cause the same response as the UCS. For example, the sound of a squeaky door opening may initially be a neutral stimulus. If that sound is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, such as you feeding your cat, that sound will eventually come to trigger a change in your cats behavior. Once an association has been formed, you cat may react as if it is being fed every time it hears the squeaky door open. How Timing Impacts Acquisition or Learning of a Behavior Throughout the classical conditioning process, there are a number of different factors that can influence how quickly associations are learned. How much time that passes between presenting the initially neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is one of the most important factors in whether or not learning will actually occur. The timing of how the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented is what influences whether or not an association will be formed, a principle that is known as the congruity hypothesis. How the UCS Works in Classical Conditioning In Ivan Pavlovs famous experiment, for example, the tone of the bell was initially a neutral stimulus while the smell of food was the unconditioned stimulus. Presenting the tone close to presenting the smell of food results in a stronger association. Ringing the bell, the neutral stimulus, long before the unconditioned stimulus leads to a much weaker or even nonexistent association. Different types of conditioning may use different timing or order between the neutral stimulus and the UCS. In simultaneous conditioning, the neutral stimulus is presented at the exact time as the unconditioned stimulus. This type of conditioning leads to weak learning.In backward conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is given first and the neutral stimulus is presented afterward. This type of conditioning also tends to result in weak learning.In trace conditioning, the neutral stimulus is presented briefly and then stopped, then the unconditioned stimulus is presented. This type of conditioning produces good results.In delayed conditioning, the neutral stimulus is presented and continues while the unconditioned stimulus is offered. This type of conditioned produces the best results. How New Behaviors Are Acquired by Using Acquisition

A Code Of Ethics Limits The Development Of Psychological...

Discussion of the claim that ‘adherence to a code of ethics limits the development of psychological theory’ The introduction of the Nuremberg Code in 1947 was a direct consequence of the Nuremberg Trials in which various Nazi doctors were found guilty of carrying out brutal and heinous research experiments on humans during the second World War. Subsequently, the key principles contained in the Code became the basis of ethical behaviour in any medical or psychological research which includes the involvement of human participants (cited in Banyard, 2012). It is now universally understood that the health, safety, wellbeing and human rights of every research study participant is protected. Conversely, it is the opinion of some that the introduction of the Nuremberg Code has resulted in limitations to the results obtained from these research studies, and, as a result, to the development of psychological theory. It is the purpose of this essay, therefore, to address the claim that adhering to a code of ethics limits the development of psychological theory. In the paragraphs to follow, vari ous evidence and alternative viewpoints will be provided both for and against this claim, as well as an evaluation of the impact in adhering to these ethical principles for researchers. One such research study to be criticised on the basis of ethical behaviour was designed to study obedience and authority using human participants (Milgram, 1961). In the presence of an authoritarianShow MoreRelatedIndividual Analysis1449 Words   |  6 Pagesneeds on a daily basis. I collaborate with mental health professionals to address psychological needs, medical doctors to manage and treat physical conditions, social workers to deal with housing and family issues, and pastoral care to address the patient’s spiritual matters. I believe that issues of mind, body, and spirit must be equally addressed for complete patient care. Legal Regulations The Ohio Revised Code sets the legal standards through which a nurse is permitted to practice. NursingRead MoreEffects Of Video Games On Children Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagesreview is to analyse the key themes emerging in research relating to this thesis. Key themes include psychological and cognitive behavioural problems, development risks and their relationship with technology addiction, dependency and screen time exposure. Theories found are self-determination theory. The methodology in all of the literature focuses on children. However, the Unitec code of ethics restricts subjects under the age of 18 to be included in any methods of research; therefore the methodologyRead MoreWhat Are Military Ethics?1056 Words   |  5 PagesDiscussion 1. What are military ethics? Military ethics can mean a wide range of things. It can encompass all aspects of military conduct, from writing performance reviews on subordinates, to relations of military personnel with their civilian leaders, to issues related to war (Encyclopedia.com 2017). However this reflection paper will espouse on the essential characteristics of leadership choices, higher standard for military personnel, and behavioral traits that must be imparted to our membersRead MoreThe Professional Application Of Psychology2165 Words   |  9 PagesApplied psychology is the professional application of psychological knowledge using theory and findings to solve practical problems in important areas of the human environment, such as education, health and the workplace (Coolican, 2007, p. 1). There are many branches of applied psychology including Clinical, Occupational, Educational, Forensic, Health, Sport Exercise, Counselling and Neuropsychology. This essay will provide a discussion of the theory th at underlines Clinical and Educational psychologyRead MoreI Am A California Department Of Insurance987 Words   |  4 Pageswill serve well in the Geriatric field. However, I have had no exposure to the Healthcare industry. Therefore, I would like to focus on gaining an internship in order to obtain experience in the field. As an insurance agent, I am bound to a ethical code of conduct, not unlike those in the psychology profession, which includes the following underlying principles: avoid conflict of interest; avoid misuse of the position; prevent the misuse of information; ensure completeness and accuracy of relevantRead MoreNursing Knowledge Based On The Level Of Abstraction Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesNursing knowledge is the result of incorporating what is known and understood through learning, research, experience, and theory. Knowledge depends on research and theory to provide a collective, structured, and current information. This information can be used to explore phenomena, answer questions, generate new theory, and solve problems. DNPs need to be familiar with the components and levels of abstraction in nursing knowledge. The way to comprehend this information is by using the structuralRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Psychology1228 Words   |  5 Pagespsychology after his book Princ iples of Physiological Psychology argued that psychology should be studied as it s own distinct scientific discipline rather than a sub-category of physiology. In 1879, Wundt founded the first laboratory of scientific psychological research at the University of Leipzig. He was very influential and over the years, thousands of students attended his lectures. People from across the globe went to Wundt to earn their doctorates. He even taught Edward B. Titchener, who foundedRead MoreChildhood Depression : A Serious Disorder Among Adolescents1743 Words   |  7 PagesSwendsen, He, Burstein, Merikangas, 2015). Adolescent depression is associated with impairments in various important psychosocial areas, such as school, peer, and family functioning (Jaycox et al., 2009). As adolescence is an important time for development and a very vulnerable time, it is important to treat anything that may cause impairments as quickly and as effectively as possible. It is also important to understand t he causes of the teen’s depression when working towards recovery. ResearchRead MoreThe Experimental Validation Of Theory1621 Words   |  7 Pages3.9 STAGE THREE: EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF THEORY The conceptual framework combines the research carried out at the beginning of the study with the analysis of the use of existing, as well as the demand for new e-assessment instruments for NNES students learning outcome. It directs to develop a diagnostic tool that can be utilised by students and teachers in an e-assessment context which will empower the higher education sector and improve the conditions for continuous learning. On the surveysRead MoreHow Suicide Is The Leading Cause Of Death Worldwide?1706 Words   |  7 Pagescauses of death worldwide (Hardt et al., 2010). Self-harm is common for adolescence because this stage of life involves an evolving period of physical, psychological, and social development often characterized by confusion and frustration about identity. Erik Erikson identifies this life stage as Identity versus Role Confusion. Based on this theory, Kevin’s sense of self seems to be distorted. He has suffered from a sport’s injury that has now cost him to have to receive expensive and painful treatments

Marketing Plan For A Brand Image - 766 Words

A brand image is defined in terms of how the customers perceive the brand (Allen, 2016). A brand image constitutes the basis for better strategic marketing decisions on the target market segments for the product position in the market. The entrepreneur should attempt to build a unique brand image which will differentiate his product or service from others in the industry (Lee, James, Kim, 2014). La Bambinià ¨re has its name as the brand image which derives from the French word â€Å"Bambin† or little child; and the purpose is to create an attraction just with the name. In addition, La Bambinià ¨re will design a symbol depicting infants being nurtured. Advertising and Marketing Allen (2016) states that the marketing plan details the strategies make customers aware of the business, and build a brand and a loyal customer base. When effective, the plan develops a consistent message to the customer and creates an opportunity to capture revenues. La Bambinià ¨re will consider advertising through the local journal, the monthly city magazine, flyers and business card. Publicize the Business The first venue will be data base provided by the NCDCDEE where parents can search for all licensed child care providers. La Bambinià ¨re will get referrals or word of mouth from family and friends, church members. Publicity and word of mouth are considered most effective marketing tools because they are inexpensive (Allen, 2016). Referrals will mostly come from the Division of ChildShow MoreRelatedHbr Dove Case1653 Words   |  7 PagesSummary The Dove brand has been revitalized with the success of their â€Å"Real Beauty† campaign. Dove’s main goals are to continue to improve their brand image and gain market share. The key challenges facing top management to accomplish these goals are; building on the momentum the ‘Real Beauty’ campaign has generated, differentiating from their competition and modernizing their brand image. 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Zodiac Sign Free Essays

Thomas Hotte  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ms. Boyd Personality profile  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Period 3 The article on Cancer fits me for the most part. It says my positive traits are â€Å"loyal, dependable, caring, adaptable, and responsive. We will write a custom essay sample on Zodiac Sign or any similar topic only for you Order Now † A cancer is a very complex person when it comes to independence. They’re very contradicting and they’re independence has to do with there state of mind. I’m like the description of a cancer because it says we have the perseverance and drive to do what we need to do and can be self sufficient. Although we don’t need someone to depend or we prefer to have someone there to help and support us like our family and close friends. What’s not as accurate is that it says we crave attention but I don’t like drawing attention to myself most of the time, I usually just like blending in. Like the horoscope says I am loyal to my friends and family who appreciate me and support me. I always do look out for my friends and I hate seeing my friends who are girls be sad so I always try to make them feel better like it says. Its also true that even though im good at listening to other people I never talk about my own feelings. Its also true because once I get past all of my emotional and personal problems I can do whatever I set my mind to I wouldn’t really say im psychic but I can be intuitive at times intelligent and observing. i have money and financial sensibility. I am complex, unpredictable, and tempermental. Im not really a fragile person, a lot of things don’t bother me. I can be How to cite Zodiac Sign, Papers

Diffusion Method Using Agar Disc

Question: Discuss the most common and widely used methods for the detection of antibiotics sensitivity against antimicrobial agent? Answer: Introduction One of the most common and widely used methods for the detection of antibiotics sensitivity against antimicrobial agent is the diffusion method using agar disc (Piddock, 1990, pp.307). The principle behind this method is to determine the extent of inhibition of microbial reproduction over the solid surface of medium plate in present of antimicrobial agent. These antimicrobial agents will be applied over a filter plate, which diffuses into the solid surface of medium (Acar Goldstein, 1996, pp.1). In a typical experiment of antibiotic disk sensitivity test, there will be a zone of inhibition around the target site impregnated with antimicrobial agent. This inhibition is referred to as inhibition of the reproduction of the microorganism, due to the antimicrobial action of the concerned agent. It is important to mention that the action and inhibitory effect of agent is specific and hence the resistance zone as well as the size cutoff for each antibiotic is different. The interpretation of the said test is thus referred to accurate calculation of this inhibitory diameter zone (Andrews, 2001, pp.43). The materials that are used for this test include more than 15 hours of culture for Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. A sterile cotton swab should be used for swabbing over the agar plates (Olsson-Liljequist, 1996, pp.13). The swabbing should be done in such a way the in case nothing is added to the plates; there should be a confluent growth over the plate. Antibiotics disc will be applied to the plate to experiment the inhibitory growth of the corresponding antibiotic agent (Reller, 2009, pp.1749). Once the said procedure will be over, the plates should be incubated for next 1-2 days at 370 C. The final measurement of the inhibition zone will be executed with the help of ruler (in millimeters). The pattern of antibiotics inhibitory effect should indicate the pathogenicity and corresponding natural habitat related characteristics (Wilkins, 1972, pp.451). Discussion With reference to above introductory information, the sensitivity of six individual antibiotics were obtained as referred to table. Table: Displaying the sensitivity of individual antibiotics. Antibiotics Inhibition zone (mm) Resistance/sensitivity Ampicillin 33 Sensitive Tigercycline 25 Resistance Ciprofloxacin 22 Sensitive Chloramphenic 27 Sensitive Gentamicin 22 Sensitive Penicillin 0 Resistance From the obtained results, it was revealed that culture disk were resistant against two antimicrobial agents, viz. Tigercycline and Penicillin. The remaining six culture disks were found to be sensitive with respect to antimicrobial agents, which are Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenic and Gentamicin. The concerned inhibition zone found in mm were indicative for the concerned results of resistance or sensitivity. Considering the ampicillin, the culture results are specific when considered against gram-negative rods and enterococci, while the same results with respect to inhibition zone is different when tested against staphylococci and penicillin sensitive organisms. In the former culture condition, the susceptible zone is 14 mm, which illustrates the sensitivity, whereas when it appears to be 20 mm, it is referred to as sensitive in later case (Thomson Sanders, 1992, pp.1877). The data referring in given table is 33mm, and hence can be depict to be tested against either of the two cases. Tigercycline is referred to as broad spectrum antibiotics, which is effective in case of certain tetracycline resistant gram positive as well as gram negative organisms, such as Streptococcus pneumonia, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (Wang, 2012, pp.1240). In the present table, the inhibition zone appears to be 25 mm, and still the strain is referred to as resistance. It is possible that the used strain is metallo lactamase producing strains. Other possibility is that the strain used for disk inhibition test belongs to Campylobacter strains (Lehtopolku, 2010, pp.1232). Ciprofloxacin when tested at 5 g, was found to be resistant with inhibition diameter of 15 mm or less. Likewise, it is intermediate in terms of inhibitory activity, when the concerned value appears to be between 16 mm to 20 mm. The suspecibility of stains are resistant in case the inhibition zone diameter appears to be more than 21 mm (Kahlmeter, 2003, pp.145). The results are appeared in table depicts a value of 22, and hence is sensitive in the culture. These strains are aerobic gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Chloramphenic is also found to have activity criteria at disk potency concentration of 30 g. The concerned testing is referred to as resistant against the culture when the inhibition diameter appears to be 12 mm or less that this value. Likewise, it is referred to as intermediate potency against the culture disk, when the inhibition diameter value appears to be 13 mm to 17 mm. The disk inhibition value of 18 mm and above is referred to as value for susceptible against the culture. Owing to the characteristics of Chloramphenic, the culture stains must be gram negative in nature (Badal, 1995). The concerned values for gentamicin is valuable when the disk potency concentration adopted is 10 g in concentration. The value for inhibition zone of 12 mm or less is termed as resistant against the disk culture. Similarly, the value of disk inhibition zone diameter of 13 mm to 14 mm, is referred to as intermediate in action. The antimicrobial activity of gentamicin is referred to as susceptible against the culture, when the inhibition zone diameter appears to be more than a value of 18 mm. In the present table, the value appears to be 22. In general, it was known that gentamycin is susceptible against gram-negative bacteria (Wilkins Thiel, 1973, pp.350). Lastly, the said testing is observed against pencillin, which is found to be resistant against in genral upto a concentration of 10 units. It is hence the diskinhibition zone diameter was found to be zero. In general, it is known that lactamases (which are also referred to as penicillinases) are resistant against penicillin. The enzyme deactivates penicillin by destroying the lactam ring with the help of process called chemical hydrolysis (Brown Brown, 1991, pp.185). In conclusion, it can be said that the above table refers to the testing of disk inhibition diameter with respect to lactamases strain. References: ACAR, J. F., GOLDSTEIN, F. W. (1996). Disk susceptibility test. Antibiotics in laboratory medicine, 4, pp.1-51. ANDREWS, J. M., BSAC WORKING PARTY ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING. (2001). BSAC standardized disc susceptibility testing method. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 48(suppl 1), pp.43-57. BADAL, R., KELLEY, R., SAND, T. T., BASCOMB, S. (1995). U.S. Patent No. 5,457,030. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. BROWN, D. F., BROWN, L. (1991). Evaluation of the E test, a novel method of quantifying antimicrobial activity. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 27(2), pp.185-190 KAHLMETER, G., BROWN, D. F., GOLDSTEIN, F. W., MACGOWAN, A. P., MOUTON, J. W., STERLUND, A., ... VATOPOULOS, A. (2003). European harmonization of MIC breakpoints for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 52(2), pp.145-148. LEHTOPOLKU, M., NAKARI, U. M., KOTILAINEN, P., HUOVINEN, P., SIITONEN, A., HAKANEN, A. J. (2010). Antimicrobial susceptibilities of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli strains: in vitro activities of 20 antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 54(3), pp.1232-1236. OLSSON-LILJEQUIST, B., LARSSON, P., WALDER, M., MIRNER, H. (1996). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Sweden. III. Methodology for susceptibility testing. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases. Supplementum, 105, pp.13-23. PIDDOCK, L. J. (1990). Techniques used for the determination of antimicrobial resistance and sensitivity in bacteria. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 68(4), pp.307-318. RELLER, L. B., WEINSTEIN, M., JORGENSEN, J. H., FERRARO, M. J. (2009). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: a review of general principles and contemporary practices. Clinical infectious diseases, 49(11), pp.1749-1755. THOMSON, K. S., SANDERS, C. C. (1992). Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae: comparison of the double-disk and three-dimensional tests. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 36(9), pp.1877-1882. WANG, L., LIU, Y., YANG, Y., HUANG, G., WANG, C., DENG, L., ... SHEN, X. (2012). Multidrug-resistant clones of community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Chinese children and the resistance genes to clindamycin and mupirocin. Journal of medical microbiology, 61(Pt 9), pp.1240-1247. WILKINS, T. D., HOLDEMAN, L. V., ABRAMSON, I. J., MOORE, W. E. C. (1972). Standardized single-disc method for antibiotic susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 1(6), pp.451-459. WILKINS, T. D., THIEL, T. (1973). Modified broth-disk method for testing the antibiotic susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 3(3), pp.350-356.

Teenager Of Alcoholics

Introduction Acceptance is a feeling that emerges from individual’s need for approval and acceptance. This behavioural pattern begins at an early age and continues although life to adulthood but it is at peak during teenage stage. The teenagers are in the process of emulating or declining the parental guidance since they need their freedom and at the same time are trying to win the parental support and acceptance. Their strong struggle to exist as part of a family thus increases the urgency for independent need for finding an identity. The quest for parental approval motivates the teenager behaviours.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Teenager Of Alcoholics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although parental pressure ought to be a positive influence over personality, it can negatively affect decision-making procedures and cause a teenager to settle for immoral activities including alcoholism in fight against an abusive or tough situation. When one accepts to put up with negative parental pressure such as alcoholism, they end up giving up the personal trusts and values, thus the pressure becomes a form of a negative force. Thesis Statement â€Å"Does alcoholism affect parental guidance?† This paper is an analysis of the effect of parental pressure regarding usage of alcohol and its effects as well as implication to the future life of a teenager. It is an analysis of the parental behavioural patterns and lastly it analyzes the available perspectives into controlling the vice. Objective/significance of the study The main objective of the paper focuses on causes of alcohol abuse among parents and evaluates the developmental problems associated with this type of vice. Another significance of the study focuses on the global approach towards curbing the vice and creating public awareness over alcoholism. The paper also forms an analysis over issue of other probable cause in th e subject matter. Are parents considering the appropriate measures to avoid the vice? The analysis of what determines alcoholisms. Lastly, it addresses the issue of utilizing the new professional suggested measures to getting rid of this common phenomenon. Insinuations for understanding behaviour In most cases, it would be invariable to have a linkage between development of the brain and the behaviours emulated by teenagers. Scientifically the argument over the link indicates that under high emotional or intense parental pressure, there are some conditions during maturity, that necessitate devastating inexplicable performance leading to poor decision making such as use of alcohol. (Marina and Fergal, 2006) The teenagers have the ability and rationale to differentiate between the right and wrong. This is an indication that the brain has the capacity to demonstrate some mental ability to decision making, but the teenager acts in opposition to this expectations. According to Nestler an d Malenka, (2004) the brains of a teenager is under some less optimal control mechanisms and thus under higher probability to act from guts or instincts when confronted with stressful or emotional strains. Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Compared to adults, on average, the teenagers are more impetuous, insistent, volatile emotionally, high risk takers, proactive and reactive to strain or stress and are susceptible to parental pressure or guidance (Kane, 2009). Most parents focus on the short time thus underrating any long-term consequences that may be involved in alcoholism. They overlook the alternative course of actions. The developing brain of a teenager Young people are often curious about alcohol and thus the common definition of the teenage years being a time of experimenting and seeking novelty. Conducted survey indicates that abuse of alcohol and tobacco is a common phenomenon among most parents today (Marina and Fergal, 2006). As a result, at least half or more of the teenagers try out the alcohol during the teenager stage and nearly all have tried before reaching the legal age. These days the youth show higher rates of or percentage of alcohol problems as opposed to the older age groups. (Kane, 2009) Vulnerability of teenagers to alcoholism The teenager brain may be more vulnerable to social pressure or discomforts due to sensitivity. These social effects can bring about pleasurable social experiences such as alcohol engagement as they seek expectations. The effects of alcohol are enormous on teenagers compared to adults. In the studies of teenagers indicated by Partrick (2008), characteristically, teenagers are able to get through two or three times more alcohol than the adults because their intoxication effects are much higher. They have a diminished sensitivity to intoxication due to the high metabolic rates. The hormones also play a vita l role in the alcohol abuse. The teenagers have novelty to seek and promote competitiveness socially. The production of hormones promotes abuse because of the original occurrence of parental pressure for the individual to seek social approval from the parent. (Partrick, 2008) Teenagers’ growth and development Expectations for growth and social, emotional, behavioural, physical and cognitive change is very important. Through analysis of some developmental life-span stages, there is a possibility of determining disorders or crisis brought about by alcoholic parents. There are unique kind of behavioural pattern to expect from teenagers thus the need to suggest developmental concerns and appropriate actions. Human beings have to make decisions based on challenges at hand. The teenagers face many challenges such as inevitable physical changes and parental pressure especially over making decisions on impulsive activities. (Marina and Fergal, 2006) These transitional issues are of c ritical concerns regarding identity choices, self-esteem and emotional development. Their appearance to others is an important issue because they believe to own unique problems and all the public attention focuses particularly upon them. They face the challenges of discovering their identity in terms of vocation, relationship, sexuality, gender, life interests, personality, culture and most importantly parental background (Marina and Fergal, 2006). Abusive parents cause conflicts, because of the need to find self-belonging and the desire for freedom especially during the emotionally stressing times. This is the main effect of alcohol abusive parents/guardians. Parental pressure should serve the role of determining the right character in a person. This is arguably the reason why teenagers mimic parental lifestyles. Parental pressure is more often hard to resist because it is equally very hard to notice. Teenagers ought to know that personal choices are very important even when the p arental pressure is irresistible.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Teenager Of Alcoholics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The strongest predictor of alcohol usage during teenage years is the parental influence. The parent initiate the use, provides the alcohol and models the use and abuse behaviors and attitudes during growth. Studies have indicated that teens are more likely to give in to alcoholism usage if they were from alcoholic parents. (Marina and Fergal 2006) The parental pressure relates to modeling personality. Conclusion Social settings can give the impression that drug usage is under control but a closer look at the phenomenon indicates that everyday a teenager is starting to use and becomes addicted to the vice. Possibly the parental pressure involved in the family setup is greater for most of them to resist (Partrick, 2004). Today most of the parents are full-time employees probably lookin g for the overtime and better remuneration in support of the family. They may be trying to workout one area while the other collapses. The answer to the problems associated with teenagers lies within the family setting. They are emulating their parents who are their first role models; they embrace the social settings of alcoholism and the solitary usage. Stressing parental abuse may also impact negatively on them. Whichever the case, parents are the most effective cure to the vice. It is a parental responsibility to solve alcoholic problem and talk out with the teenage children on the dangers involved before things are out of hand. Their temporary rebellion against the parents can easily lead to the repercussions thus leading to the catastrophic impacts. The early interventions by the parents are thus the best procedures to cubing the vice. The strength of character that assists the child to resists the negative influences directly connects to the parental roles of guidance. Refere nces Partrick, B. J. (2008). Adolescents and Risk: Making Sense of Adolescents Psychology. Praeger Publishers Marina, B. Fergal, K. (2006). Drug Addiction and Families: Monitoring the Future National Survey results on drug use. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Nestler, E. J., and Malenka, R. C. (2004). The addicted brain. Scientific American Journal, 290 (3), 78-85.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kane, R. (2009). Pleasure consuming medicine: The queer politics of drugs. Journal of Alcohol Health and Research World, Duke University Press. Vol 26(4), Pp. 287-291. This research paper on Teenager Of Alcoholics was written and submitted by user Catalina B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Archaeology and History of Bitumen

The Archaeology and History of Bitumen Bitumen- also known as asphaltum or tar- is a black, oily, viscous form of petroleum, a naturally-occurring organic byproduct of decomposed plants. It is waterproof and flammable, and this remarkable natural substance has been used by humans for a wide variety of tasks and tools for at least the past 40,000 years. There are a number of processed types of bitumen used in the modern world, designed for paving streets and roofing houses, as well as additives to diesel or other gas oils. The pronunciation of bitumen is BICH-eh-men in British English and by-TOO-men in North America. What Bitumen Is Natural bitumen is the thickest form of petroleum there is, made up of 83% carbon, 10% hydrogen and lesser amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements. It is a natural polymer of low molecular weight with a remarkable ability to change with temperature variations: at lower temperatures, it is rigid and brittle, at room temperature it is flexible, at higher temperatures bitumen flows. Bitumen deposits occur naturally throughout the worldthe best known are Trinidads Pitch Lake and the La Brea Tar Pit in California, but significant deposits are found in the Dead Sea, Venezuela, Switzerland, and northeastern Alberta, Canada. The chemical composition and consistency of these deposits vary significantly. In some places, bitumen extrudes naturally from terrestrial sources, in others it appears in liquid pools which can harden into mounds, and in still others it oozes from underwater seeps, washing up as tarballs along sandy beaches and rocky shorelines. Uses and Processing In ancient times, bitumen was used for a huge number of things: as a sealant or adhesive, as building mortar, as incense, and as decorative pigment and texture on pots, buildings or human skin. The material was also useful in waterproofing canoes and other water transport, and in the mummification process toward the end of the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt. The method of processing bitumen was nearly universal: heat it until the gasses condense and it melts, then add tempering materials to tweak the recipe to the proper consistency. Adding minerals such as ochre makes bitumen thicker; grasses and other vegetable matter add stability; waxy/oily elements such as pine resin or beeswax make it more viscous. Processed bitumen was more expensive as a trade item than unprocessed, because of the cost of the fuel consumption. The earliest known use of bitumen was by Middle Paleolithic Neanderthals some 40,000 years ago. At Neanderthal sites such as Gura Cheii Cave (Romania) and Hummal and Umm El Tlel in Syria, bitumen was found adhering to stone tools, probably to fasten a wooden or ivory haft to the sharp-edged tools. In Mesopotamia, during the late Uruk and Chalcolithic periods at sites such as Hacinebi Tepe in Syria, bitumen was used for the construction of buildings and water-proofing of reed boats, with among other uses. Evidence of Uruk Expansionist Trade Research into bitumen sources has illuminated the history of the expansionist period of Mesopotamian Uruk. An intercontinental trading system was established by Mesopotamia during the Uruk period (3600-3100 BC), with the creation of trading colonies in what is today southeastern Turkey, Syria, and Iran. According to seals and other evidence, the trade network involved textiles from southern Mesopotamia and copper, stone, and timber from Anatolia, but the presence of sourced bitumen has enabled scholars to map out the trade. For example, much of the bitumen in Bronze age Syrian sites has been found to have originated from the Hit seepage on the Euphrates River in southern Iraq. Using historical references and geological survey, scholars have identified several sources of bitumen in Mesopotamia and the Near East. By performing analyses using a number of different spectroscopy, spectrometry, and elemental analytical techniques, these scholars have defined the chemical signatures for many of the seeps and deposits. Chemical analysis of archaeological samples has been somewhat successful in identifying the provenance of the artifacts. Bitumen and Reed Boats Schwartz and colleagues (2016) suggest that the onset of bitumen as a trade good began first because it was used as waterproofing on the reed boats that were used to ferry people and goods across the Euphrates. By the Ubaid period of the early 4th millennium BC, bitumen from northern Mesopotamian sources reached the Persian Gulf. The earliest reed boat discovered to date was coated with bitumen, at the site of H3 at As-Sabiyah in Kuwait, dated about 5000 BC; its bitumen was found to have come from the Ubaid site of Mesopotamia. Asphaltum samples from the slightly later site of Dosariyah in Saudi Arabia, were from bitumen seepages in Iraq, part of the wider Mesopotamian trade networks of Ubaid Period 3. The Bronze Age Mummies of Egypt The use of bitumen in embalming techniques on Egyptian mummies was important beginning at the end of the New Kingdom (after 1100 BC)in fact, the word from which mummy is derived mumiyyah means bitumen in Arabic. Bitumen was a major constituent for Third Intermediate period and Roman period Egyptian embalming techniques, in addition to traditional blends of pine resins, animal fats, and beeswax. Several Roman writers such as Diodorus Siculus (first century BC) and Pliny (first century AD) mention bitumen as being sold to Egyptians for embalming processes. Until advanced chemical analysis was available, black balms used throughout the Egyptian dynasties were assumed to have been treated with bitumen, mixed with fat/oil, beeswax, and resin. However, in a recent study Clark and colleagues (2016) found that none of the balms on mummies created prior to the New Kingdom contained bitumen, but the custom began in the Third Intermediate (ca 1064-525 BC) and Late (ca 525-332 BC) periods and became most prevalent after 332, during the Ptolemaic and Roman periods. Bitumen trade in Mesopotamia continued well after the end of the Bronze Age. Russian archaeologists recently discovered a Greek amphora full of bitumen on the Taman peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea. Several samples including numerous large jars and other objects were recovered from the Roman-era port of Dibba in the United Arab Emirates, containing or treated with bitumen from the Hit seepage in Iraq or other unidentified Iranian sources. Mesoamerica and Sutton Hoo Recent studies in pre-Classic and post-classic period Mesoamerica have found bitumen was used to stain human remains, perhaps as a ritual pigment. But more likely, say researchers Argez and associates, the staining may have resulted from using heated bitumen applied to stone tools which were used to dismember those bodies. Fragments of shiny black lumps of bitumen were found scattered throughout the 7th-century ship burial at Sutton Hoo, England, in particular within the burial deposits near remains of a helmet. When excavated and first analyzed in 1939, the pieces were interpreted as Stockholm tar, a substance creating by burning pine wood, but recent reanalysis (Burger and colleagues 2016) has identified the shards as bitumen having come from a Dead Sea source: very rare but clear evidence of a continuing trade network between Europe and the Mediterranean during the early Medieval period. Chumash of California In Californias Channel Islands, the prehistoric period Chumash used bitumen as body paint during curing, mourning and burial ceremonies. They also used it to attach shell beads onto objects such as mortars and pestles and steatite pipes, and they used it for hafting projectile points to shafts and fishhooks to cordage. Asphaltum was also used for waterproofing basketry and caulking sea-going canoes. The earliest identified bitumen in the Channel Islands so far is in deposits dated between 10,000-7,000 cal BP at Cave of the Chimneys on San Miguel island. The presence of bitumen increases during the Middle Holocene (7000-3500 cal BP and basketry impressions and clusters of tarred pebbles show up as early as 5,000 years ago. The fluorescence of bitumen may be associated with the invention of the plank canoe (tomol) in the late Holocene (3500-200 cal BP). Native Californians traded asphaltum in liquid form and hand-shaped pads wrapped in grass and rabbit skin to keep it from sticking together. Terrestrial seeps were believed to produce a better quality adhesive and caulking for the tomol canoe, while tarballs were considered inferior. Sources Argez C, Batta E, Mansilla J, Pijoan C, and Bosch P. 2011. The origin of black pigmentation in a sample of Mexican prehispanic human bones. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(11):2979-2988.Brown KM. 2016. Asphaltum (bitumen) production in everyday life on the California Channel Islands. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 41:74-87.Brown KM, Connan J, Poister NW, Vellanoweth RL, Zumberge J, and Engel MH. 2014. Sourcing archaeological asphaltum (bitumen) from the California Channel Islands to submarine seeps. Journal of Archaeological Science 43:66-76.Burger P, Stacey RJ, Bowden SA, Hacke M, and Parnell J. 2016. Identification, Geochemical Characterisation and Significance of Bitumen among the Grave Goods of the 7th Century Mound 1 Ship-Burial at Sutton Hoo (Suffolk, UK). PLoS ONE 11(12):e0166276.Cà ¢rciumaru M, Ion R-M, Nitu E-C, and Stefanescu R. 2012. New evidence of adhesive as hafting material on Middle and Upper Palaeolithic artefacts from Gura Cheii-Rà ¢snov Cave (Romania ). Journal of Archaeological Science 39(7):1942-1950. Clark KA, Ikram S, and Evershed RP. 2016. The significance of petroleum bitumen in ancient Egyptian mummies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374(2079).El Diasty WS, Mostafa AR, El Beialy SY, El Adl HA, and Edwards KJ. 2015. Organic geochemical characteristics of the Upper Cretaceous–Early Paleogene source rock and correlation with some Egyptian mummy bitumen and oil from the southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 8(11):9193-9204.Fauvelle M, Smith EM, Brown SH, and Des Lauriers MR. 2012. Asphaltum hafting and projectile point durability: an experimental comparison of three hafting methods. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(8):2802-2809.Jasim S, and Yousif E. 2014. Dibba: an ancient port on the Gulf of Oman in the early Roman era. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 25(1):50-79.Kostyukevich Y, Solovyov S, Kononikhin A, Popov I, and Nikolaev E. 2016. The investigation of the bitumen from anc ient Greek amphora using FT ICR MS, H/D exchange and novel spectrum reduction approach. Journal of Mass Spectrometry 51(6):430-436. Schwartz M, and Hollander D. 2016. The Uruk expansion as dynamic process: A reconstruction of Middle to Late Uruk exchange patterns from bulk stable isotope analyses of bitumen artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 7:884-899.Van de Velde T, De Vrieze M, Surmont P, Bodà © S, and Drechsler P. 2015. A geochemical study on the bitumen from Dosariyah (Saudi-Arabia): tracking Neolithic-period bitumen in the Persian Gulf. Journal of Archaeological Science 57:248-256.Wess JA, Olsen LD, and Haring Sweeney M. 2004. Asphalt (Bitumen). Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 59. Geneva: World Health Organization.

The Human Beings and the Evolutionary Process Essay

The Human Beings and the Evolutionary Process - Essay Example The names and contributions made by Lamarck and Darwin appear to be at the top of the list of the anthropologists-theorists rendering the most noteworthy services in the discipline of evolution and biological-cultural anthropology. Renowned nineteenth-century English biologist-naturalist Sir Charles Darwin (1809-82) presented his distinguished Theory of Evolution in his illustrious work On the Origin of Species (1859), where he articulated the unique idea that humans could have shared the same ancestry associated with the other species existing on the face of the earth. By this Darwin perhaps does not mean to challenge the Biblical mythology or ridiculing the religious beliefs in order to hurt the sentiments of the followers of Abrahamic faiths (i.e. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam). On the contrary, he just looks for elucidating the relationship between man’s physical and mental growth through adaptation according to the changes taking place within the natural, physical and social environment. In other words, Darwinian anthropology asserted a meaningful relationship between the workings of nature and the conscious actions of animal breeders (Marks 1999). Though aptly criticized by Darwin’s contemporary theologians and dogmatists, he was not the pioneer in respect of articulating the evolution theory. On the other hand, his predecessor Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) had already presented the similar notion that various species, including the human beings, observe significant transformations in their biological and social traits according to the physical and cultural phenomena existing around them. Not only this that the species adopt these changes according to the circumstances, but also they maintain the ability to transfer the same characteristics to their young ones through a hereditary process (Bowler 2003). Somehow, Darwin dedicated himself in respect of unearthing the realities regarding the changes species experience during the course o f time. These changes, according to the theorist, occur because of the biological needs and requirements of the species. Darwin claims to have followed the induction canon, according to Ayala (2009), prevalent among his contemporary British philosophers and economists, including J.S. Mill, Francis Bacon, and others. Hence, he concentrated upon multiple similar species and applied his hypothesis upon different species too in order to draw out conclusions paving the way towards his marvelous theory of evolution seeking one and the same ancestry for the species sharing similar physical traits. Darwin accumulated scientific evidence in support of his evolution theory by concentrating upon two points; first, whether or not evolution has taken place in the biological and social life of the individuals; and secondly whether the evolution has undergone various stages for adopting the present shape and form developed by the species. Consequently, the in-depth investigation made by this great science giant i.e. Darwin was not confined to mere speculation or the limited study confined to some specific species only. Rather, the study focused upon insects and mammals, vertebrates and invertebrates, fowls and fish, and animals and fish at large. Though the dogmatists opposed Darwinian perspective to a great extent.

Advanced Project management -Master Level scenario based report Essay

Advanced Project management -Master Level scenario based report - Essay Example According to Kanter (1995) such an action will not constitute an adequate response. This is so because success is based on an organisation’s ability to create, rather than predict the future by developing those products that will literally transform the way the world thinks and view it self and the needs (Kanter 1995:71). Within the context of today’s global competition, businesses and firms no-longer compete as individual companies but try to corporate with other businesses in their activities (Wu & Chien 2007:2). These researchers went further to argue that, this strategy has become quite common in many businesses and in project management it is becoming a best practice. The conventional vertical integrated company based business model is gradually being replaced by collaborative relationship between many fragmented, but complementary and specialized value stars and constellation (Wu & Chien:1). Having said these, this report focuses on some of the pertinent issues affecting a project organization. The report first of all examine the changing environment of the contemporary organization, there after attention is shifted to the evaluation of the current management structure being used by my organization. The third part of the report focuses on the current project management processes in an organization to see if they are effective or there exist certain deficiencies. The last part of the report present recommendation in the form of a conclusion. In business, environmental analysis is an appreciation of an organisations activities vis-Ã  -vis its environment (Lin& Lee 2006). Such analysis has become imperatively necessary in the light of increase competition as present, subsequent operations and strategies direction will be dependent on the result (Lin& Lee 2006). According to Johnson et al (2007), it is a process by which a business gathers

Impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on Internal Controls

Impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on Internal Controls 1. Introduction In 2001, Enron reaffirmed that their previous financial report had to revise as accounting errors existed in their computer system. After that, Enron the largest US corporate with assets of $63.4 billion faced the end road of bankruptcy suddenly. Four thousand employees face losing theirs job and retirement pays (Benston, 2002). It is not merely one person can break a solid business structure. The result of investigation shows this case was a corporate scandal. The Enrons top executive empowered the employees to manipulate the stock price. As a result, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was legislated because of the fraud behaviors which created by Enron. President Bush described this scandal as the most far-reaching reforms of American business practices since the Great depression when he signed SOX Act (Hays 2003, cited in Eichar S. 2009, p.1). It seems likely that the weak internal control system were has ability to prevent the accounting scandal happening. Moreover, the top managers did not function effectively in order to monitor theirs companys financial condition as well as involving in accounting scandal. Another problem is that the managers ethics behavior needs to be tested and considered. The main purpose of SOX Act is to prevent a fraud such as Enron case happening again, whereas some people have the skepticism with SOX Act that can still work for modern corporation. This paper attempts to analyse that internal control was generally become more effective since the Enron scandal. 2. Accounting Information Systems The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) has a definition on internal control that as a process is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in effectiveness and efficiency of operations, reliability of financial reporting, and compliance with applicable laws and regulations. (http://www.coso.org/resources.htm) When Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act (to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made pursuant to the securities laws, and for other purposes, US congress) (SOX Act) has been signed in 2002, the concept of internal control has been carefully considered in information system improvement. The section 404 of SOX Act indicates that company has the responsibility to declare the assessment of internal control structure in each fiscal financial report. For an organization, an accounting information system (AIS) which is a key framework for information system plays an important role in organization, processing and management the process of transaction, which is a foundation for building information system in business (Moscove, 1999). Because accounting information system could bring benefit for computerized company. Not only can it control obvious audit trail (an obvious evidence to confirm the transactions accurately) for purpose of assurance and auditing, but also it has connecting general demand for physical protection of assets. Nowadays, the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system is used popularly after SOX Acts had announced. ERP system is built based on the advantage of accounting information system. According a research indicates that 80 percent of the fortune 500 firms have implemented the ERP system (SAP, 2005 cited in Brown Nasuti, 2005), because of the following benefits: accessing data in time, integrating the process of business operation and transferring internal information correctly. The SOX Acts requests the enterprises should keep going on evaluation of the management risk, ERP systems still has significant effect on collecting risk management data as companies used it (Brown Nasuti, 2005). Research (Huang, Hsieh, Tsao, and Hsu, 2008) shows the most important factor of internal control dimensions is the control environment: monitoring. There is a good example illustrates some main elements of internal control as using ERP system. Research (Huang, Hsieh, Tsao, and Hsu, 2008) finds some featu res of using ERP systems in Taiwan public companies and there are most important results tally with the purpose of internal control:(1) Establishment of IT organizations and their relations, (2) Integration and communication of financial information, (3) Development of IT strategic plans, (4) Management of information quality, and (5) Monitoring of operating procedures (pp. 104). This result is exactly integrated with the original definition of control environment by COSO: The Control Environment sets the tone of an organization, influencing the control consciousness of its people. It is the foundation for all other components of internal control, providing discipline and structure.(COSO, 1992 cited in Huang, Hsieh, Tsao, and Hsu, 2008, p. 114) As the result, the primary task is making security for physical control, in order to process the internal control function effectively. In addition, the senior management support could be a main factor caused ERP and IT project implementation successfully. The second issue which should be considered for internal control is integration and communication of financial information. The ERP systems could support utilize IT to combine organizational resources and information about finance and accounting for companys operation strategies. Furthermore, the SOX section 404 has regulated the internal control leading to contribution of financial reporting (Huang, Hsieh, Tsao and Hsu, 2008). The company mangers not only could use financial information for evaluating their companies financial structure and the result of operating, but also public users have more confidence to invest these companies with their safety financial information. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the relevance and reliability of financial information. Today, firms should consider implementing a new concept of internal control monitoring (ICM) technology for purpose of support and facilitate internal control processes. There are two definitions that explain ICM function: ICM technology encompasses a range of control monitoring tasks, including the automation of routine control tests, enhanced risk assessments, evaluation and documentation of controls, and managing and communicating control assurance activities (COSO 2009 cited in Masli, 2010, pp.1103-1104) and The goal of ICM is to enhance the overall visibility of the organization to risk and performance through the effective use of technology (KPMG2008 cited in Masli, 2010, p.1104). Masli(2010) shows that most companies had imputed large-scale investment in IT development in the last ten year. Unfortunately, these funds were wasted, because some reasons caused the plan to fail, such as untrained workers can not fully use the leading software effectively and physical hardware inco mpatibility. Different than AIS and ERP system, the ICM concentrates on risk assessment and responds a message immediately if somebody intends to break internal control system. The ICM technology can link with other data of operating index. For instance, if the supervisor finds companies stock price has an unusual fluctuation in stock marketing, the monitoring system will respond to high executives and list the potential factors together. For these reasons, there is no question that the ICM technology can be used in every firm. 3. Organization of board of directors In Enron Company, the board of directors does not have responsibilities to detect the weak financial structure. Even though there were 15 members in the board of directors, they do not prohibit managers using high risk accounting standards, and ignore any potential because all members are. Furthermore, the each member had received more salary and owned high amount of Enrons stock (USA senate report). The board of directors could affect the quality of companies internal controls. First of all, one thing which has to be considered is the number of outside directors on the board of directors. Research (Beasley, 1996 cited in Yan, Jian Nan, 2007) suggests that the board independence does not usually lead to the problem of financial fraud. Then, other expertise indicates it is necessary to consider the number of directors in a board. Enhancing the board structure could reduce the likelihood of the business being exposed in weak financial system and improve the financial reporting rationality. Research (Dalton, 1999 cited in Yan, Jian Nan, 2007 p.308) states a large board has more expertise than a small one, and that it tends to be more effective in monitoring accruals. It seems that the phenomenon of weak internal control does not exist in a large board. Moreover, another expertise finds that the board size is beneficial for audit committee independence and a large board of director could have the effective audit committee as well as served high-quality audit services (Yan, Jian Nan, 2007). It seems that there are more outside directors can enhance the quality of internal control, because their independence can not be affected by compensation such as the director fees and stocks. Under SOX, the primary issues of setting up the independent auditors could lead to the reliability of the internal control. The SOX section 301 requires that the audit committee has responsibility for ensuring the audit report and each member should be independent (SOX Act). From the Enron case, it is clear that the audit committees can enhance the financial report quality and offer effective monitoring censorship in internal control. An audit committee has some responsibility of such as: review of the internal audit department and the annual audit plan, evaluate of annual financial reports and the results of audit, criticize of the internal accounting controls, and security of business assets. (Steven T., 2005 p.58) Steven T. (2005) points out that companies have the reliable financial information, because their audit committees are independent. Then, if the members of audit committees have high financial background, it can find that these companies are unlikely to have problem of i nternal control and have more abilities to find the faults of internal control (Yan, Jian Nan, 2007). One issue which should be considered the audit independence has a significant effect on disclosure of firms internal control problems. Because the fees are a potential factor to affect the relationship between auditors and client businesses, the auditors are more likely to ignore potential problems and issue an incorrect opinion on clients internal controls. Conversely, an expertise claims that there is no relation between non-charge services and independence. In order to maintain auditors reputation, they could provide high-quality service and prevent anyone doubted about their independence (Yan, Jian Nan, 2007). It can be concluded that the independence for board of directors is more important than the outside auditors (Certified Public Accountant films). 4. Business ethics In this decade, the world economic system faces one big challenge that more and more frauds have happened in each year, such as accounting manipulations, and unethical behavior. The early law and legislation aimed at purpose of financial establishment and the security of the monetary system (Rockness, 2005). Consequently, the fraud scandals happened again and again. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act has the function of providing a regulation for companies ethical behavior. The SOX section 301 has ruled on the responsibilities to the audit committee, because the audit committee plays an important role in board of directors. Analyzing recent ethical failures, one study (Lublin and Carms, 2003 cited in Rockness, 2005 p. 45) indicates the audit committee was directly involved, perceived as too closely tied to the corporation, or oblivious to financial reporting situations. In this way, the audit committee has to provide a mechanism which communicate the unethical behavior to companies employees and the external auditors. Additionally, it is obvious that SOX Act not only provides strict rules for business, but also giving guidelines for companies to establish the ethical atmosphere in order to maintain the high working performance. The SOX section 406 requires that public corporations should set up a code of ethics for senior managers, and moreover, they have to explain in annual report why not having code of ethic. The main purpose of code should be included: promotion of honest and ethical conduct, full and fair disclosure, compliance with laws, internal reporting for violations, and accountability for adherence to the code. (Securities and Exchange Commission, 2003b cited in Rockness, 2005, p. 46) In last two decades, most American companies have had an ethical code. Some of European companies also have accepted this trend. These companies have installed the codes to give theirs employees a guideline for work (Sobczak, 2003 cited in Stevens, 2007). According to one study (Kaptein, 2004 cited in Stevens, 2007) different countries companies have the different results, when those companies have implemented ethical codes. A study (Kaptein, 2004 cited in Stevens, 2007) finds that European codes concentrated on work environment are 50% that more than American codes. Conversely, the honesty was a significant issue for American codes (64%) compared with European codes (45%) and Asian codes (38%). It is clear that Americans organizations usually less concern fairness in the work. In the Enron case, it found that Enron were willing to offer high reward in order to motivate their employees to reach the business goal with the unethical behaviour. To summary all mentioned above, successful companies should have a unique ethic value that connected with business goals. These employees could use different business skills at work. It can be more flexible and adaptable without losing their important ethical values. The long term goal for businesses is that infuse a new thinking of purposeful task with the pure ethical values rather than pursuing the high income (Stevens, 2007). 5. Conclusion In conclusion, SOX Act makes the profound impact on internal control building and there are three aspects could explain why recent internal control is effective for the organizations. First of all, the role of accounting information system offer the important audit trail for accurate auditing and another benefit is protection for the physical assets. Moreover, enterprise resource planning software has an additional function which is risk management. Taiwans example shows that the ERP is linked with enhancement information quality and monitor the operating process and another function is it can integrate internal control with the communication of financial information for the operation strategies. Then, new trend is for implementation of the internal control monitoring combined with ERP system. It can ensure security of the information effectively and detect the unusual signal immediately. Secondly, the independent audit committee is an essential requirement for enhancing the financia l report quality and monitoring the internal control. More members in the board of directors could enhance the quality of audit committee and provide high-quality audit job for the companies. The last aspect is that the SOX Act has mentioned organizations should disclosure the code of ethics in financial report. It means the business have the responsibility for training the ethical culture to theirs employees. As discussed above, the SOX Act has ruled to make the internal control effective. It seems that the information system, managers structure and ethical concept have been improved and achieve the internal control effective.

Authentic Freedom Essay

A human being is free to do as what they please! That’s just an interpretation of authentic freedom. All too often humans think of freedom as a free for all. Authentic freedom is does not mean doing what one wants when one wants to whom one wants, but rather it means, understanding who one is , that a human being is not alone and here to contribute to society. Authentic freedom is a paradox, one that will make you think, but not a contradiction. The more freedom a human being has, the more one is called to respond. â€Å"Freedom is exercised in relationships between human beings. Every human person, created in the image of God, has the natural right to be recognized as a free and responsible being. All owe to each other this duty of respect. The right to the exercise of freedom, especially in moral and religious matters, is an inalienable requirement of the dignity of the human person. This right must be recognized and protected by civil authority within the limits of the common good and public order (Catechism, 1732). A human being gains freedom, by exercising freewill in a positive and productive way. People make choices in daily life, choices that affect the ability to live a free life. When one chooses to go counter to the common good, a human being chooses slavery, slavery to the consequences of one’s choice. †The more one does what is good, the freer one becomes. There is no true freedom except in the service of what is good and just. The choice to disobey and do evil is an abuse of freedom and leads to â€Å"the slavery of sin† (Catechism, 1733). When a human chooses not to listen to their conscience one chooses to listen to the voice of evil, when that happens, a human being has just entered in to a slave/master relationship. With them being the slave. Freedom allows one to make choices that benefit themselves and more importantly the world around them. Freedom demands of one, or rather obligates one to concern ourselves with the affairs of the world around us. If you look at the world around a human being, countries where freedom is lacking, the overall population is less concerned with their fellow man, then in a freer society. The same can be said of individuals, the more freedom a human being has, and the more responsible one acts to other, on the whole.

Malware review

While technology in computing continues to rise, computer hackers and crackers are also evolving. Cracking even started at the early age of computer technology. It started from simple codes exploiting bugs in Operating Systems. And now, it becomes a hobby of some. Stealing passwords and exploiting computers are common way of cracking. Some people termed it as hacking. Everyday, anti-virus companies are also upgrading their systems since viruses and other harmful softwares are upgrading. Piracy is another story. It is an act of duplicating someone’s work and sells it. Before, it is not common and hardly be seen. But as devices and softwares are upgrading, duplications can be made in a split of seconds. For some consumers, it is good but for the industry, it is a disadvantage. Piracy is one of the major problems that media industry is facing. But, technology cannot be fathom; it is continuously evolving in exponential manner. Music publishers (the entertainment industry is the ones affected) released their cure or prevention for such exploitation. The program is called â€Å"rootkit†. Basically, its task is to hide copy protection on computers.   With its ability, people can no longer copy music. In this way, piracy can be prevented. But, Sony admitted that someday somehow people will try to crack its code and continue on pirating. But for sure, media industry’s cyber security personnel well not let crackers succeed. On the other hand, due its capability to control computers, rootkit was distinguished by most anti-virus software as a malware. On an article on Technology Review published by MIT and written by Wade Roush, Technology Review interviewed Bruce Scheiener a computer security guru. There, Scheiener discussed about the tool and its capabilities. In â€Å"When Copy Protection Becomes Malware†, the computer security guru specifically identified the work of the rootkit and why it is called a malware. Basically, malware is a form of software that can control the system. Some malwares are harmful. But in the case of Sony, it has no other functions except to hide copy protections on users’ computer. The reason why it is distinguished as malware is because of its capability to manipulate the system wherein the user’s freedom of the product is given limitations. Added by Scheiener, computer users or consumers often times do not know what they are buying. Advertisements are so broad that buyers only see the outside appearance of the capability of the product. Consumers do not know what else their product can do. With this weakness, rootkit see an opportunity. It can’t be distinguished by consumers as harmful except when their anti-virus reacts on it (after distinguishing it as a malware). But these days, rootkit is accepted by anti-virus companies as useful software and now freely preventing music from being copied. In my opinion, it is illegal and unethical to copy a product. The ethical nature of copy protection and its implementation on the other hand is discussed in relation to a new set of copyright laws called The Digital Millennium Copyright Act. This act protects the media industry. It punishes those people involved in illegal duplication of digital products. In some point, consumers do not freely get what they needed for a product. Consumers buy digital products to satisfy their needs. But with this technology, some consumer’s rights are somewhat by passed. If we try to look at some point, there is a contradiction. Consumers wanted to buy a product that will make their lives easy. But this objective is not met since producers have the capability to control the product they want to sell. But, we can also say that it is a part of technology advancement. It is like before. There are no copying devices before so digital products are secured. It only came when the technology advances and devices able to duplicate are manufactured. Digital products vendors are only upgrading their system. They only restore what was lost. With the rootkit, digital products today have similar limitations before, except that it’s more advance and more easy to use. There’s another important thing the article discussed. The rootkit was not detected by anti-virus softwares before. There are people who know that Sony rootkit is freely exploring their computers. One of the reasons for this is that, Sony’s technology or program is more powerful than the anti-virus available that time. There were customers who noticed it. Some make noise that their anti-virus software did not detect the rootkit. It’s really shame on the part of anti-virus provider. Their software should be able to protect the computer from harmful viruses yet rootkit passed the test. We can picture out that programmers are getting their codes better in order to cross the gate which are set by protection softwares. However that did not last a long time. Anti-virus software providers developed further their products and able to detect the rootkit. Scheiener was asked if Sony will not make another program similar to rootkit. The guru said boldly that Sony will again do it when the controversy is over. Well, we cannot blame the company for it. They are only protecting their products from pirates. If more piracy will happen the digital industry will not also last for long. There will be no marketer on the said or similar products. It is also their way of saving their jobs and professions. Malware is really a big issue. Rootkit is not free from that controversy. The process will just create a cycle. There are people who will continue to find ways how to pirate a digital product. Crackers will continue to write codes in order to exploit bugs of every technology. While that is happening, cyber security personnel will find ways to prevent their products from being stolen. This is indeed an indication that we passed the days of low-technology and now experiencing a high-end digital technology. Nonetheless, copy protection will still be recognized as malware unless anti-virus provider withdraws its security on the program. Reference: Roush, W. (2006). When Copy Protection Becomes Malware. Technology Review. Retrieved

Essay Nike - 591 Words

Nike is a huge supplier if athletic shoes for the world these days. Philip H. Knight, the founder of this corporation came up with an idea of an athletic shoe at the track field of the University of Oregon. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Now it has become a leader in the global economy. Nike has helped the economy by employing more than 500,000 people, worldwide. The company has contributed in finding a positive policy for minimum wage. Minimum wage laws usually don’t help who they’re originally set out to. Now with Nikes’ minimum age requirements it helps those it was naturally set up for. The minimum age requirement also prevents teenagers from dropping out and taking on full time jobs at Nike. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Philip H.†¦show more content†¦The shoe companies are substitutes for each other which makes for an elastic market. Consumer’s who aren’t set on one name can easily pick between all the brands to find the best deal. With Nike and Adidas in the lead it is apparent that the name makes a different. Nike doesn’t spare in the advertising area in 1997 they spent $978.2 million. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The University of Oregon is threatening to join the Workers Rights Consortium. Knight, a believer in the labors Fair Labor Associations against the University joining the WRC and plans to contribute nothing if they go ahead with it. Both parties need to weigh the opportunity costs of their decisions. The University of Oregon is looking at a 50 million dollar opportunity cost if they join the WRC. This is a huge extranality to the students of Oregon. To give up on receiving that kind of donation really hurts the students. If the University of Oregon and some other schools decide to join the WRC the impact could be one of hurting the economy. There will be less need for employees because the donations of athletic wear will decrease significantly. The equilibrium will change resulting in a revenue loss to the corporation and to the employees that will no longer be needed. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nike is trying to deal with this through private solutions. Knight authorized the PricewaterhouseCoopers factory monitoring group to give the results on their visits, because he says they haveShow MoreRelatedNike And Nike Vs. Nike1268 Words   |  6 PagesAdidas and Nike are two major athletic clothing companies on the market. The two brands are both commonly worn by athletes. Nike has endorsed some of the top athletes in the world. Take Michael Jordan for example, Nike created an entire brand off his name, â€Å"Air Jordan’s.† Adidas also has multiple athletes that advertise for them including soccer player David Beckham. The two companies have been in constant competition with their footwear and apparel for several years. 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